Classical Tláymyts is the first form of Tláymyts that became important as a lingua franca in more than the half part of the planet Drion.
Different from the great variety of forms present in Old Tláymyts, mainly in verbs, the classical language, being used as a means of education, literature and commerce, repudiated most variant forms to establish a standard language. One consequence of this standardization is that many dialect forms, which were widely used, were accepted together with forms of other dialects, giving rise to a number of oddities in morphology such as plural of nouns and irregular verb forms.
Phonology[]
Consonants[]
p
t
k
b
d
g
f
v
s
sh
z
zh
m
n
r
l
y
w
Vowels[]
Vowels are:
a
e (open)
ê (closed)
i
o
u
Morphology[]
Articles[]
Classical Tláymyts used the old demonstrative u, e as a definite article. This use became less common as the language went its way toward Modern Tláymyts.
The indefinite article was the same as the number one (on).
Nouns[]
Plural of nouns is in -(i)z. There are some irregularities according to the original ending of the word.
Words ending in a vowel or in -m add -z:
venêrêe "family", pl. venêrêez
zêteti "town", pl. zêtetiz
êlnem "sister", pl. êlnemz
Words ending in -l add -iz:
norêal "woman", pl. norêaliz
Some words ending in -z change this to -siz, others remain unchanged:
beêz "country", pl. beêsiz
rebêz "pencil", pl. rebêz
Words ending in -n change -n to -mz:
unan "man", pl. unamz
Words ending in -er change this to -iaz:
vêmer "ending", pl. vêmiaz
Words ending in -êr change this to -êz:
pelêr "barrel", pl. pelêz
Some masculine words ending in -eu just add -z regularly:
êlneu "brother", pl. êlneuz
ulkeu "organ", pl. ulkeuz
Feminine words and some masculine words ending in -eu change this to -uiz:
vlezeu "fraction", pl. vlezuiz
pereu "balloon", pl. peruiz
Some other masculine words ending in -eu change this to -eiz:
geu "dog", pl. geiz
gebêdeu "captain", pl. gebêdeiz
Adjectives[]
There are two types of adjectives, those ending in -u for masculine and -e for feminine, and those ending in -i for both genders. Plural follows the same rules as for nouns.
mufu, mufe "new", "young", pl. mufuz, mufez
klemti "great", pl. klemtiz
vêmer "final", pl. vêmiaz
Comparative Form[]
Superiority[]
Only a small number of adjectives have the old superlative form ending in -êul. These forms are mostly irregular:
pun "good", comp. nirêul
liun, ner "bad, comp. bêul
bigamu "small", comp. namul
klemti "large", comp. niaul or nieêul
All other adjectives make the comparative form with the adverb neêz or niaz:
mufu "new", comp. neêz mufu, niaz mufu
Equality[]
Inferiority[]
Superlative[]
The relative superlative is built with the form of comparative of superiority together with the definite article:
pun "good", relative superl. u nirêul
liun, ner "bad", relative superl. u bêul
bigamu "small", relative superl. u namul
klemti "large", relative superl. u niaul or u nieêul
mufu "new", relative superl. u neêz mufu, u niaz mufu
The absolute superlative is built with the suffix -êzên-, -êrên- or -alên-. Ex.:
klemti "large", klemtêzênu "very large"
mufu "new", mupfêzênu "very new"
pun "good", punêzênu "very best"
vezêr "easy", vezêrênu "very easy"
zirapli "famous", ziripalênu "very famous"
Pronouns[]
Personal[]
Person
Singular
Plural
1st
io
muz
2nd
do
fuz
3rd m.
iri
iriz
3rd f.
are
arez
1st and 2nd Person Pronuns[]
1st Person
2nd Person
Number
Singular
Plural
Nominative
io
muz
Accusative/Dative
ni
muz
Number
Singular
Plural
Nominative
do
fuz
Accusative/Dative
di
fuz
Possessive[]
Possessive pronouns are declined like any other adjective.
Person
Singular
Dual
Plural
1st
nio, nêmêe
muzu, -e
2nd
dio, doe
fuzu, -e
3rd m., f. and n.
zio, zoe
zio, zoe
Demonstrative[]
izi, aze "this" (very near)
izdi, azde "this" (not so near)
egiri, egare "that" (far)
Interrogative[]
gi "what"
gan "who"
goer "which"
gunu "how"
umti "where"
goemtu "when"
Relative[]
gi "that"
gan "who"
Indefinite[]
erkon "some", "any"
mamêon "no", "none"
dutu "all", "every"
gete (not declined) "each", "every"
Numbers[]
Cardinal Numbers[]
0 salu
1 on, -e
2 tuêz, toez
3 dliz
4 goedlu
5 zêmgu
6 ziêz
7 zadi
8 uêdu
9 mufi
10 taz
11 umsi
12 tusi
13 dlisi
14 goedulsi
15 gêmsi
16 tisiziêz
17 tisizadi
18 tis(i)uêdu
19 tisimufi
20 fêmdi
21 fêmdi onnu
30 dlêmde
40 goelamde
50 zêmgoamde
60 zizamde
70 zidamde
80 uêdamde
90 mufamde
100 zan
Ordinal Numbers[]
Ordinal numbers are regular adjectives.
1 blêniêlu, -e
2 zikomdu, -e
3 dilziêlu, -e
4 goeldu, -e
5 gêmdu, -e
6 zizdu, -e
7 zadênu, -e
8 uêdefu, -e
9 mumu, -e
10 tazênu, -e
Conjunctions[]
Coordinating[]
i "and"
man "nor"
nez, bulan "but"
uo "or"
iamte "yet"
ezên "so"
Correlative[]
henpuz/-ez ... i ... "both ... and ... "
uo ... uo ... "either ... or ... "
man ... man ... "neither ... nor ... "
meu ... nez ... "not ... but ... "
meu zu ... nez denpan ... "not only ... but also ... "
Subordinating[]
tibuêz "after"
gumdotu "although"
zi "if"
izadu "unless"
buldemdu "therefore"
ebisel "in spite of", "despite"
Verbs[]
Concepts[]
There are three conjugation patterns, one for each thematic vowel. However, verbs in i share most forms with verbs in ê.
Many verbs have irregular forms coming from old dialects.
Sample Conjugations[]
Enel "love"[]
Here is the full conjugation of the verb en-e-l "love".
Indicative[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-ø-u
en-e-ø-z
en-e-ø-
Plural
en-e-ø-nuz
en-e-ø-êz
en-e-ø-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-ø-iê-
en-e-zd-i
en-ø-uo-
Plural
en-e-nuz
en-e-zdiz
en-e-len
Imperfective[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-e-fe-
en-e-fe-z
en-e-fe-
Plural
en-e-fe-nuz
en-e-fi-êz
en-e-fe-n
Pluperfect[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-e-le-
en-e-le-z
en-e-le-
Plural
en-e-le-nuz
en-e-li-êz
en-e-le-n
Future[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-e-liê-
en-e-le-z
en-e-le-
Plural
en-e-la-nuz
en-e-li-êz
en-e-le-u
Subjunctive[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-i-ø
en-i-z
en-i-
Plural
en-a-nuz
en-i-êz
en-a-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
damai en-e-tu
damain en-e-tu
damai en-e-tu
Plural
damainuz en-e-tu
damêeêz en-e-tu
damain en-e-tu
Imperfective[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-e-zi-
en-e-zi-z
en-e-zi-
Plural
en-e-zi-nuz, en-e-za-nuz
en-e-zi-êz
en-e-za-n
Future[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-e-l-
en-e-l-iz
en-e-l-
Plural
en-e-l-nuz
en-e-l-tiz
en-e-l-an
Conditional[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
en-e-lai-
en-e-lai-z
en-e-lai-
Plural
en-e-lai-nuz
en-e-lai-êz
en-e-lai-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
dilai en-e-tu
dilaiz en-e-tu
dilai en-e-tu
Plural
dilainuz en-e-tu
dilaiêz en-e-tu
dilain en-e-tu
Participle[]
Present[]
en-e-mtu
Perfective[]
en-e-tu
Imperative[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
-
en-e--
en-i--
Plural
en-a-nuz
en-i-êz
en-a-n
Famtil "sell"[]
Here is the full conjugation of the verb famt-i-l "love".
Indicative[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-ø-u
famt-i-ø-z
famt-i-ø-
Plural
famt-a-ø-nuz
famt-i-ø-êz
famt-a-ø-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-ø-iê-
famt-i-zd-i
famt-i-o-
Plural
famt-a-nuz
famt-i-zdiz
famt-i-len
Imperfective[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-a-i-
famt-a-i-z
famt-a-i-
Plural
famt-a-i-nuz
famt-a-i-êz
famt-a-i-n
Pluperfect[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-i-le-
famt-i-le-z
famt-i-le-
Plural
famt-i-le-nuz
famt-i-li-êz
famt-i-le-n
Future[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-i-liê-
famt-i-le-z
famt-i-le-
Plural
famt-i-la-nuz
famt-i-li-êz
famt-i-le-u
Subjunctive[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-e-ø
famt-e-z
famt-e-
Plural
famt-e-nuz
famt-e-êz
famt-e-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
damai famt-ê-tu
damain famt-ê-tu
damai famt-ê-tu
Plural
damainuz famt-ê-tu
damêeêz famt-ê-tu
damain famt-ê-tu
Imperfective[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-i-zi-
famt-i-zi-z
famt-i-zi-
Plural
famt-i-zi-nuz, famt-i-za-nuz
famt-i-zi-êz
famt-i-za-n
Future[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-i-l-
famt-i-l-iz
famt-i-l-
Plural
famt-i-l-nuz
famt-i-l-tiz
famt-i-l-an
Conditional[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
famt-i-lai-
famt-i-lai-z
famt-i-lai-
Plural
famt-i-lai-nuz
famt-i-lai-êz
famt-i-lai-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
dilai famt-ê-tu
dilaiz famt-ê-tu
dilai famt-ê-tu
Plural
dilainuz famt-ê-tu
dilaiêz famt-ê-tu
dilain famt-ê-tu
Participle[]
Present[]
famt-a-mtu
Perfective[]
famt-ê-tu
Imperative[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
-
famt-i--
famt-e--
Plural
famt-e-nuz
famt-e-êz
famt-e-n
Beldêl "leave"[]
Here is the full conjugation of the verb beld-ê-l "love".
Indicative[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-ø-u
beld-i-z
beld-i-
Plural
beld-ê-nuz
beld-ê-z
beld-a-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-ø-ê
beld-ê-zd-i
beld-ê-o-
Plural
beld-ê-nuz
beld-ê-zdiz
beld-ê-len
Imperfective[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-a-i-
beld-a-i-z
beld-a-i-
Plural
beld-a-i-nuz
beld-a-i-êz
beld-a-i-n
Pluperfect[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-ê-le-
beld-ê-le-z
beld-ê-le-
Plural
beld-ê-le-nuz
beld-ê-li-êz
beld-ê-le-n
Future[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-ê-liê
beld-ê-le-z
beld-ê-le-
Plural
beld-ê-la-nuz
beld-ê-li-êz
beld-ê-le-u
Subjunctive[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-e-ø
beld-e-z
beld-e-
Plural
beld-e-nuz
beld-e-êz
beld-e-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
damai beld-ê-tu
damain beld-ê-tu
damai beld-ê-tu
Plural
damainuz beld-ê-tu
damêeêz beld-ê-tu
damain beld-ê-tu
Imperfective[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-ê-zi-
beld-ê-zi-z
beld-ê-zi-
Plural
beld-ê-zi-nuz, beld-i-za-nuz
beld-ê-zi-êz
beld-ê-za-n
Future[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-ê-l-
beld-ê-l-iz
beld-ê-l-
Plural
beld-ê-l-nuz
beld-ê-l-tiz
beld-ê-l-an
Conditional[]
Present[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
beld-ê-lai-
beld-ê-lai-z
beld-ê-lai-
Plural
beld-ê-lai-nuz
beld-ê-lai-êz
beld-ê-lai-n
Past[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
dilai beld-ê-tu
dilaiz beld-ê-tu
dilai beld-ê-tu
Plural
dilainuz beld-ê-tu
dilaiêz beld-ê-tu
dilain beld-ê-tu
Participle[]
Present[]
beld-ê-mtu
Perfective[]
beld-ê-tu
Imperative[]
Person
1st
2nd
3rd
Singular
-
beld-i-
beld-e-
Plural
beld-e-nuz
beld-e-êz
beld-e-n
Vocabulary[]
Swadesh List: Here we give the Swadesh List for Classical Tláymyts.
Sample[]
"Dutuz uz unamz mezan rêfliz, in têkmêteti i in têliêduz. Iriz daan lesew i gumzêamzêe, i tafan eshêl on e u uodlu gun izbêlêdu ti êlnemteti."
("All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.")