| close back rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| Symbol (font) | [ɶ#iiɤ;] |
| Symbol (image) | File:Xsampa-u.png |
| IPA–number | 308 |
| Entity (decimal) | u |
| Unicode (hex) | U+0075 |
| X-SAMPA | u |
| Kirshenbaum | u |
| Sound sample | |
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
| |||||
| Near-close | ||||||
| Close-mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open-mid | ||||||
| Near-open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
|
[ɶnbsp;•ɶ#ɜø;] Where vowels are paired, the one on the left is unrounded and the one on the right rounded. | ||||||
The close back rounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is [u], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is u.
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with protruded lips ('endolabial'). However, in a few cases the lips are compressed ('exolabial').
Close back protruded vowel[]
In most languages, closed back rounded vowels are pronounced with protruded lips.
Features[]
- Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence[]
Note: Since back rounded vowels are assumed to have protrusion, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have compression.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabic | Standard | جنوب | dʒæˈnuːb | 'south' | See Arabic phonology |
| Catalan[1] | suc | suk | 'juice' | See Catalan phonology | |
| Chinese | Cantonese | 菇/gu1 | ɡuː | 'mushroom' | See Cantonese phonology |
| Mandarin | 哭/kū | kʰu˥ | 'to cry' | See Mandarin phonology | |
| Croatian | u | u | 'in' | ||
| Czech | u | u | 'at' | ||
| Dutch[2] | voet | vuːt | 'foot' | See Dutch phonology | |
| English | GA | boot | bu̟ːˀt | 'boot' | Typically more front than cardinal u. See English phonology |
| RP[3] | |||||
| Faroese | ur | uːɾ | '(wrist-)watch' | ||
| Finnish[4] | kukka | ˈkukːɑ | 'flower' | See Finnish phonology | |
| French[5] | où | Où.ogg [[:Media:Où.ogg|u]] (help·info) | 'where' | See French phonology | |
| Georgian[6] | გუდა | ɡudɑ | 'leather bag' | ||
| German | Fuß | fuːs | 'foot' | See German phonology | |
| Greek | ουρανός/uranόs | ˌuɾaˈno̞s̠ | 'sky' | See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Hebrew | תמונה | tmuna | 'image' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Hungarian[7] | unalmas | unɒlmɒʃ | 'boring' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish | gasúr | ˈɡasˠuːɾˠ | 'boy' | See Irish phonology | |
| Italian[8] | tutta | ˈtutta | 'all' (fem.) | See Italian phonology | |
| Malay | bulan | bulan | 'moon' | ||
| Mongolian[9] | үүр | uːɾɘ̆ | 'nest' | ||
| Polish[10] | buk | Pl-buk.ogg [[:Media:Pl-buk.ogg|buk]] (help·info) | 'beech tree' | Also represented by <ó>. See Polish phonology | |
| Portuguese | European[11] | urso | ˈuɾsu | 'bear' | See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian[12] | ˈuɾsʊ | ||||
| Romanian | unu | ˈunu | 'one' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Russian[13] | узкий | ˈuskʲɪj | 'narrow' | See Russian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic | gu | ɡu | 'to' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbian | жут/žut | ʒut | 'yellow' | ||
| Slovak | u | u | 'at' | ||
| Spanish[14] | curable | kuˈɾaβle | 'curable' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Thai[15] | ? | sùt | 'rearmost' | ||
| Turkish | uçak | utʃak | 'airplane' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Udmurt[16] | ? | uɾete | 'to divide' | ||
| Vietnamese | tu | tū | 'to mediate' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[17] | gdu | ɡdu | 'all' | |
Close back compressed vowel[]
Some languages, such as Japanese About this sound listen (help·info) and Swedish,[18] are found with a close back vowel that has a distinct type of rounding, called compressed or exolabial. No language is known to contrast this with the more typical protruded (endolabial) close back vowel.
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the spread-lip diacritic ɶnbsp;ɶnbsp;͍ will be used here with the rounded vowel u as an ad hoc symbol. Other possible transcriptions are ɯ͡β̞ (simultaneous ɯ and labial compression) and [[ɯβ]] (ɯ modified with labial compression).
Features[]
- Its vowel height is close, which means the tongue is positioned as close as possible to the roof of the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned as far back as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips approach one another, so that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence[]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Japanese | 空気 kūki | ja-kuuki.ogg [[:Media:ja-kuuki.ogg|ku͍ːki]] (help·info) | 'air' | See Japanese phonology | |
| Swedish | oro | Sv-oro.ogg [[:Media:Sv-oro.ogg|ù͍β̞ɾu͍β̞]] (help·info) | 'unease' | Contrasts with a close central and close front compressed vowel. See Swedish phonology | |
| Danish | du | d̥u͍ | 'you' | See Danish phonology | |
| Norwegian | mot | mu͍ːt | 'courage' | See Norwegian phonology | |
See also[]
- List of phonetics topics
References[]
- ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:54)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ↑ Roach (2004:242)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ↑ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:261–262)
- ↑ Szende (1994:92)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:119)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ↑ Jassem (2003:105)
- ↑ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ↑ Barbosa (Albano:229)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:67)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ↑ Tingsabadh & Abramson (1993:24)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:64, 68)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:109)
- ↑ Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
Bibliography[]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (1-2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "Illustrations of the IPA:French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
- Jones, Daniel; Dennis, Ward (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114
- Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94
- Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41
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