| voiceless postalveolar affricate | |
|---|---|
| Symbol (font) | [t͡ʃ] |
| Symbol (image) | File:IPA voiceless postalveolar affricate.png |
| IPA–number | 103 (134) |
| Entity (decimal) | ʧ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+02A7 |
| X-SAMPA | tS |
| Kirshenbaum | tS |
| Sound sample | |
The voiceless palato-alveolar affricate or domed postalveolar affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar plosive (k, as in English, Slavic languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental plosive by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel.
Features[]
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
Template:Sibilant affricate Template:Postalveolar Template:Voiceless
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Transcription[]
The International Phonetic Alphabet uses two symbols together to represent this sound: [tʃ]. They may be joined with a tiebar ([t͡ʃ]), and the [t] may sometimes be given the "retracted" diacritic ([t̠ʃ]). Formerly a ligature ([ʧ]) was used. Other phonetic transcriptions used include:[citation needed]
- c
- č
- ch
- cs
- cz
- tc (older Americanist transcription)
- tš
- tsch
- tx
Occurrence[]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | çelur | t͡ʃɛluɾ | 'open' | ||
| Aleut | Atkan dialect | chamĝul | t͡ʃɑmʁul | 'to wash' | |
| Amharic | አንቺ | ant͡ʃi | 'you' f. sg. | ||
| Arabic[1] | Central Palestinian | مكتبة | ˈmat͡ʃt̪abɐ | 'library' | corresponds to k in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology |
| Jordanian | كتاب | t͡ʃiˈt̪aːb | 'book' | ||
| Iraqi | |||||
| Armenian | ճնճղուկ | tʃntʃʁuk.ogg [[:Media:tʃntʃʁuk.ogg|tʃəntʃʁuk]] (help·info) | 'sparrow' | See Armenian phonology | |
| Azeri | Əkinçi | ækint͡ʃi | 'the ploughman' | ||
| Bengali | চশমা | t͡ʃɔʃma | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |
| Basque | txalupa | t͡ʃalupa | 'boat' | ||
| Czech | morče | mo̞ɾt͡ʃɛ | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |
| Coptic | Bohairic dialect | ϭⲟϩ | t͡ʃoh | 'touch' | |
| Croatian | učitelj | ut͡ʃiteʎ | 'teacher' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| English | bleach | bliːt͡ʃ | 'bleach' | See English phonology | |
| Esperanto | ĉar | t͡ʃaɾ | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |
| Faroese | tjørn | t͡ʃɶtn | 'lake' | ||
| Georgian[2] | ჩიხი | t͡ʃixi | 'impasse' | ||
| German | Tschinelle | t͡ʃiˈnɛlə | 'cymbal' | See German phonology | |
| Hebrew | צ'כיה | t͡ʃɛxja | 'Czech Republic' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |
| Italian[3] | ciao | t͡ʃao | 'ciao' | See Italian phonology | |
| Haitian Creole | match | mat͡ʃ | 'sports match' | ||
| Hungarian | gyümölcslé | ɟymølt͡ʃleː | '(fruit) juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |
| K'iche' | K'iche' | kʼit͡ʃeʔ | K'iche'' | Contrasts with ejective form | |
| Malay | cuci | t͡ʃut͡ʃi | 'wash' | ||
| Maltese | bliċ | blit͡ʃ | 'bleach' | ||
| Norwegian | kjøkken | t͡ʃøkːen | 'kitchen' | Only in some dialects, see Norwegian phonology | |
| Nunggubuyu[4] | t͡ʃaɾo | 'needle' | |||
| Persian | چوب | t͡ʃuːb | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese | Brazilian[5] | presidente | pɾeziˈdẽt͡ʃi | 'president' | Allophone of [/t/]. See Portuguese phonology |
| Romanian | cer | t͡ʃe̞ɾ | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |
| Rotuman[6] | joni | ˈt͡ʃɔni | 'to flee' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic | slàinte | slaːnt͡ʃə | 'health' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Serbian | Чоколада/čokoláda | t͡ʃɔkɔˈlaːda | 'chocolate' | See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak | kľúč | klʲuːt͡ʃ | 'key' | ||
| Spanish[7] | chafar | t͡ʃaˈfaɾ | 'to flatten' | See Spanish phonology | |
| Swahili | jicho | ʄit͡ʃo | 'eye' | ||
| Tlingit | jinkaat | ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ | 'ten' | ||
| Turkish | uçak | ut͡ʃak | 'airplane' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Ubykh | t͡ʃəbʒəja | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | ||
| Ukrainian | чотири | t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪɾɪ | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
| Central Alaskan Yup'ik | nacaq | ˈnat͡ʃaq | 'parka hood' | ||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[8] | chane | t͡ʃanɘ | ||
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate [/t͡ɕ/]; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use [/t͡ʃ/].
Notes[]
- ↑ Watson (2002:17)
- ↑ Shosted & Chikovani (2006:255)
- ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004:117)
- ↑ Ladefoged (2005:158)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:228)
- ↑ Blevins (1994:492)
- ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ↑ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography[]
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756
- Blevin, Juliette (1994), "The Bimoraic Foot in Rotuman Phonology and Morphology", Oceanic Linguistics 33 (2): 491–516, doi:10.2307/3623138, http://jstor.org/stable/3623138
- Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwellʈ
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquipan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 38 (1): 107–114
- Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
- Shosted, Ryan K.; Vakhtang, Chikovani (2006), "Standard Georgian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
- Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
See also[]
- List of phonetics topics
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